Zhang Haoqin, Liu Jindun
(Schoolof Chemical Engineering，Zhengzhou University，Zhengzhou 450002)
Received on Apr.5, 2004; Supportted by Henan Innovation Project for University Prominent Research Talents (2001KYCX006).
AbstractThe charge-mosaic membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization for separating electrolytes from organics with low molecular weight. According to phenomenological equation and concentration polarization theory, a theoretical model describing membrane flux and membrane retention is established for electrolyte transport across the charge-mosaic membrane. The membrane parameters such as filtration coefficient, reflection coefficient and solute permeability are estimated. The results show that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Keywords Charge-mosaic membrane; electrolytes; transport mechanism
A charge-mosaic membrane consists of a set of anion and cation exchange elements regularly arranged in parallel and separated by the neutral matrix, each element providing a continuous pathway for the permeates from one bathing solution to the other. When pressure and concentration gradient are established across the membrane, the anions and the cations of electrolytes can flow in parallel through their respective pathways without a violation of macroscopic electroneutrality, resulting in a circulation of current between the individual ion-exchange elements. As a result, the charge-mosaic membrane shows the much greater permeability of salts than that of the non-electrolytes. In the recent twenty years, many fabrication methods such as polymer blending, graft co-polymerizing, and block co- polymerizing have been applied to prepare the charge-mosaic membrane [1]. However, the reports on the transport mechanism were few and the explanation of transport behaviors was basically in qualitative [2,3]. In the previous study [4], we have succeeded in fabricating the charge-mosaic membrane by using interfacial polymerization technique. For the practical use of charge-mosaic membrane, more detailed understanding about the membrane transport is still worth studying at present. For this purpose, the transport mechanism of electrolytes across a charge-mosaic membrane will be discussed in this paper. The membrane parameters such as filtration coefficient, reflection coefficient and solute permeability are determined.
1 THEORY
1.1 Concentration polarization
Usually, the apparent retention R is used to express the separating capability of a membrane, that is:
Here, C and C represent the feed concentration and permeate concentration, respectively, mol/L.
For the separation process by using charge mosaic membrane, the concentrationat the membrane surface C is greater than C owing to the influence of concentration polarization. The real retention R can be defined as follows:
According to the concentration polarization theory , the following equation can be obtained:
WhereJv is membrane flux m/(m·s；k is mass transfer coefficient, m/s.
1.2 Phenomenological equation
For the charge-mosaic membrane with high quality, the anion and cation exchange materials are highly permselective. Since none of the practical applications envisaged for the mosaic involve the passage of net current across the membrane, we need only to concern with the two-process phenomenological equations for salts and volume flow. According to the analysis by Weinstein[5], volume flux and salt flux, Jv and Js, are expressed by the following equations, respectively, related to the driving forces hydrostatic pressure 
, osmotic pressure 
, and chemical potential difference
Where Lp is the filtration coefficient, is the reflection coefficient,is the solute permeability, and Cs is the average concentration.
Considering that the retention of salt is lower for the charge-mosaic membrane, the average concentration of salt can be adoptedas thearithmetic average concentration instead of logarithmic average concentration. When hydrostatic pressureP>>Dp, we suppose . Thus the following equation can be obtained by substituting Eq. (4) and (5) into Eq. (2) :
Where ; T is temperature, K; R8.314 J/(mol·K). K is the ions transported by the membrane, which is based on the type of salts.( For NaCl，=2；NaSO and MgCl，=3)
Fig. 1 Scheme of the experimental apparatus
1.feed reservoir 2.pump 3.manometer 4.membrane module 5.tank for permeation
2 EXPERIMENTAL
The charge-mosaic membrane was prepared by using interfacial polymerization technique. Polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membrane was used as the support membrane. Firstly, the aqueous solution containing 2, 5-diaminobenzene sulfonic acid and polyethylenimine (PEI) was introduced into the fiber from the lumen and kept for about 30 minutes. Different additives and/or acid acceptors were also added into the aqueous amine solution. Then, the dodecane solution containing trimesoyl choride acid (TMC) and 4-(chloromethyl) benzoyl chloride was gently fed into the fiber for the interfacial polymerization reaction. After the polymer layer was formed, the membrane was immersed with an aqueous trimethylamine solution and kept for 24 hours to convert the chloromethylated groups into cationic quaternary ammonium groups. The membrane finally was immersed in distilled water until use in the test.
The membrane separating experiments were carried with NaSO and MgCl. The initial concentration of salts was 0.01 mol/L. The concentrations of the permeated salts were measured with microprocessor conductivity meter. Fig.1 is the experimental scheme for measuring the volume flow and the apparent retention of salts.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Calculation of the real retention
Because both the diameter and the length of hollow fiber membrane are very small, the fluid flowing through the fiber belongs to laminar flow and the laminar boundary layer is not fully developed. The mass transfer coefficient can be calculated[6]by Eq.)(7):
Where, d is the diameter of hollow fiber, m; L is the length of hollow fiber, m; Re is Reynolds number; Sc is Schmidt number; D is diffusivity and can be calculated according to the ion solution chemistry theory[7] for electrolytes, m/s.
Once the mass transfer coefficient is obtained, the real retention will be determined by equation (3) and (2). Under the experimental conditions, the real retention is higher than the apparent retention by 5~10%.
3.2 Model Parameter Fitting
The filtration coefficient can be obtained by fitting the experimental data of water flux in Figure 2, that is:
Lp= 2.976×10-11 m/(m·s·Pa )
The correlation coefficient R is 0.9998.
According to Eq. (6), the reflection coefficient and the solute permeability can be calculated based on nonlinear curve fitting to the experimental data of NaSO and MgCl by using Origin software [8]
for NaSO，=0.46 ，=3.93×10-10 mol/(N·s);
for MgCl，=0.37，=5.177×10-10 mol/(N·s).
Figure 3 shows the comparison of theoretical values with experimental data, in which the solid lines are the theoretical values calculated by equation (6) and the dispersing dots are the experimental data. It showsthat the theoretical values fit well with the experimental data.
The transport mechanism of electrolytes across a charge-mosaic membrane is discussed. The membrane coefficients can be determined by fitting the experimental data. The mathematical model is in good agreement with the experimental data.
REFERENCES
[1] Zhang H Q, Liu J D, Fan G D. J. of East China University of Science and Technology (Huadong Ligongdaxue Xuebao), 2003, 29 (6): 569-574.
[2] Ishizu K, Amemiya M. J. Membr. Sci., 1992,65 (1-2): 129-140.
[3] Yamauchi A, Tateyama J., Etoh B I，et al., J. Membr. Sci.,2000,17 (2): 275-280.
[4] Liu J D, Zhang H Q. The 2nd International Conference on Application of Membrane Technology, Beijing :The membrane industry association of china, 2002, 268-271.
[5] Weinstein J N, B. Bunow J, Caplan S R. Desalination1972, 11: 341-377.
[6] Mulder M . (translated by Li L). Basic Principles of Membrane Technology, second edition, (Mojishu Jiben Yuanli), Beijing: Tsinghua University Publisher, 1996:270-275.
[7] Liu G, Qiu Z H. Ion Solution Chemistry (Lizi Rongye Huaxue), Fuzhou: Fu-jian Technology Publisher, 1987: 251-275.
[8] Hao H W, Shi G K. Origin 6.0 Professional (Origin 6.0 Shili Jiaocheng), Beijing: China Electric Power Publisher, 2000: 88-104.
电解质通过荷电镶嵌膜的传递机理
张浩勤，刘金盾
（郑州大学化工学院，郑州450002）
摘要 采用界面聚合方法制备复合荷电镶嵌膜，以高价盐与有机物的分离。文章着重探讨了电解质在荷电镶嵌膜中的传递规律。根据非平衡态热力学唯象方程和浓差极化理论，建立了荷电镶嵌膜的体积流率与截流率之间的理论方程。按照模型方程进行数学优化处理，求得相应的膜参数。模型方程的预测值与实验数据吻合良好。
关键词 荷电镶嵌膜；电解质；传递规律